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D. Kim
Moderator of
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ORAL 13 - Immunotherapy Biomarkers (ID 104)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Oral Session
- Track: Biology, Pathology, and Molecular Testing
- Presentations: 8
- Moderators:D. Kim, D. Grunenwald
- Coordinates: 9/07/2015, 16:45 - 18:15, Four Seasons Ballroom F3+F4
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ORAL13.01 - PD-L1 Expression in Lung Adenocarcinomas Correlates with KRAS Mutations and Th1/Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Microenvironment (ID 2496)
16:45 - 16:56 | Author(s): T. Huynh, V. Morales-Oyarvide, H. Uruga, E. Bozkurtlar, J.F. Gainor, A. Hata, E. Mark, M. Lanuti, J.A. Engelman, M. Mino-Kenudson
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
The interaction of PD-1, with its ligand, PD-L1 induces apoptosis of T cells and inhibits cytokine production, allowing tumor cells to bypass immune surveillance. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells can be upregulated via interferon gamma that is secreted by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and/or Th1 pathway activation, counterbalancing the Th1/CTL microenvironment. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in solid tumors has resulted in durable responses in early phase clinical trials. Moreover, protein expression of PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) reportedly predicts patient response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Multiple studies have reported associations of PD-L1 expression with clinicopathological variables in lung adenocarcinomas (ADC), but such studies have produced conflicting results, possibly due to use of different antibody clones and cutoffs and possibly different ethnicities of the cohort. Thus, we correlated PD-L1 expression with clinicopathological and molecular profiles including subtypes of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in a large lung ADC cohort using a cut-off commonly used in clinical trials.
Methods:
PD-L1 (E1L3N, 1:200, CST), CD8 (4B11, RTU, Leica Bond), T-bet (Th1 transcription factor, D6N8B, 1:100, CST), and GATA3 (Th2 transcription factor, L50-823, 1:250, Biocare) IHC were performed on tissue microarrays constructed of 242 resected lung ADC. All cases underwent detailed histological analysis and a subset (n=128) of cases underwent clinical molecular testing. Membranous expression (regardless of intensity) in 5% or more tumor cells was deemed positive for PD-L1 expression. CD8+, T-bet+ and GATA3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated using a 4-tier grading system (0-3).
Results:
Our study cohort consisted of 242 patients with a pathologic stage of 0 in 1 case, I in 188, II in 37, III in 9, and IV in 7. Among those, 38 (15.7%) exhibited PD-L1 expression which was significantly associated with smoking history (p=0.008), large tumor size (p=0.007), solid predominant pattern (p<0.001), high nuclear grade (grade 3, p<0.001), vascular invasion (p=0.012), increased T-bet+ TILs (grade 2, p<0.001) and CD8+ TILs (grade 2, p<0.001), and KRAS mutations (p=0.001). High nuclear grade (p=0.011), KRAS mutations (p=0.004), and increased CD8+ TILs (p=0.005) remained significant predictors of PD-L1 expression in multivariate analysis, while advanced stage (II or higher vs. I, p=0.056) showed a trend towards PD-L1 expression. There was no difference in the 5-year progression free survival (PFS) between the PD-L1 positive and negative patients. In contrast, increased CD8+ TILs showed a borderline significance with favorable outcome (p=0.082), with the 5-year PFS being 87% for the CD8 positive group and 68% for the CD8 negative group, but neither PD-L1 nor CD8+ TILs was a significant predictor of survival by the cox proportional-hazards regression model.
Conclusion:
PD-L1 expression in ADC significantly correlates with KRAS mutations and several clinicopathological signatures of KRAS-mutants, including significant smoking history. The latter may have resulted in development of multiple passenger mutations that serve as neoantigens promoting the Th1/CTL microenvironment. These results suggest that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may be a promising treatment strategy to reinstitute the Th1/CTL microenvironment for patients with KRAS-mutated ADC, in which there are currently no available treatment options.
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ORAL13.02 - Characterization of PD-L1 Expression Related to Unique Genes in NSCLC Tissue Samples (ID 2173)
16:56 - 17:07 | Author(s): E.B. Garon, R. McKenna, J. Dering, B. Wolf, S. Pitts, N. Kamranpour, H. Chen, A. Lisberg, R.B. Cameron, J.M. Lee, S.M. Dubinett, D.J. Slamon
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptors are members of the B7:CD28 family that interact with PD-1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 to regulate cytotoxic T cell (CTL) tolerance (Freeman, J Exp Med. 2000; Latchman, Nat Immunol. 2001). Successful evasion of transformed cells from host defense is a feature of cancer (Hanahan, Cell 2011). Immune evasion can occur via the engagement of PD-1 with PD-L1 or PD-L2 (Dong, Nature Med 2002). In metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), PD-L1 expression has been associated with increased response to inhibitors of PD-1 (Garon, NEJM 2015). Current adjuvant cytotoxic approaches are associated with a real but small survival increases and significant toxicity. Characterization of PD-L1 expression in resected tumors could guide development of immune checkpoint based adjuvant trials.
Methods:
Microarray analyses were performed to assess gene expression for 320 NSCLC and 15 normal lung resection specimens profiled on the Agilent Whole Human Genome 4x44K 2-color platform. The reference sample used in the experiments was an equal mixture of 258 of the 320 NSCLC samples included in the study. Microarray data was imported into Rosetta Resolver for analysis. The Rosetta Similarity Tool (ROAST) was utilized to find genes correlated to PD-L1 expression. Both PD-L1 and the target gene had to be differentially expressed for sample to be included in computation of correlation. Cosine correlation was used as the similarity metric. Functional genomic analysis on the list of PD-L1 correlated genes was performed using tools available with the DAVID Bioinformatics resources (david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov) Survival analyses based on PD-L1 expression were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Samples with PD-L1 log(ratio) > 0 and p-value < 0.01 were classified as upregulated, samples with p-value>0.01 were classified as unchanged, and sample with log(ratio) < 0 and p-value <0.01 were classified as downregulated.
Results:
The reference level of PD-L1 expression among the subset of normal lung and NSCLC tissue samples was higher compared to levels seen in 503 breast cancer and 149 endometrial cancer tissue samples. Within the 320 NSCLC tissue samples, 174 unique genes are highly correlated with PD-L1 expression (r range= 0.692-0.904). 80 tissue samples (25%) had a PD-L1 log ratio > 0, and 63 tissue samples had large sets of highly correlated genes, a similar prevalence to membranous staining in half the cells in metastatic NSCLC (Garon, NEJM 2015). Functional analyses revealed that the genes significantly correlated with PD-L1 expression were involved in immune and inflammatory response. No significant difference in overall survival was noted (p=.661), but increased PD-L1 expression was clearly not associated with better outcomes.
Conclusion:
Within the NSCLC cohort, there is a group of patients with high expression for PD-L1 and related genes. This group does not have a better prognosis in comparison to those with typical or decreased PD-L1 expression. Due to the relationship between PD-L1 expression and response to anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic NSCLC, this data and its correlation with other clinical characteristics of the patients can guide the design of adjuvant approaches based on immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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ORAL13.03 - Spatiotemporal Effects on Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression and Immunophenotype of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (ID 1609)
17:07 - 17:18 | Author(s): M. Kowanetz, H. Koeppen, M. Boe, J.E. Chaft, C.M. Rudin, W. Zou, D. Nickles, R. Desai, R. Nakamura, A. Sandler, L. Amler, P. Hegde, N.A. Rizvi, M.D. Hellmann
- Abstract
Background:
PD-L1 is one of the immune-checkpoint molecules that regulates Th1 immune responses and mediates cancer immune evasion. PD-L1 can be expressed on tumor cells (TC) or tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) and expression in both cell types can negatively regulate T-cell function in the tumor microenvironment. The goal of this study was to evaluate the intra-patient heterogeneity and temporal changes in PD-L1 expression and overall immune phenotype in NSCLC using paired synchronous and metachronous tumor specimens.
Methods:
Thirty-nine patients (pts) with NSCLC treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center were evaluated as part of an IRB approved project. Most were former/current smokers (n=30, 77%) and had adenocarcinoma histology (n=36, 92%). 17 pts were KRAS mutant (45%), and 5 were EGFR mutant (13%). Paired synchronous samples were collected from 17 pts with stage IIIA-N2 resected primary lung and metastatic lymph node (met LN) tissue. Paired metachronous samples were collected from 23 pts (including one patient also with synchronous tissue) with at least two metachronous primary/metastatic (n=14) or metastatic/metastatic tissues (n=9). In pts with metachronous samples, 14 (61%) had systemic intercurrent anti-cancer therapy and 9 (39%) had none. PD-L1 expression was assessed by IHC (clone SP142) on TC and IC. CD8 expression was evaluated by IHC using the C8/144 clone. In addition, expression of ~600 immune genes was analyzed by iChip.
Results:
Twenty-five out of 39 tissue pairs were evaluable by PD-L1 IHC (14/17 synchronous, 11/23 metachronous). Among pts with synchronous samples, in the primary tumor, PD-L1 was expressed in <1% of TC or IC in 6 pts, in 1-4% of cells in 5 pts, and in ≥5% of cells in 3 pts. Among those with metachronous samples, in the first collected sample, the PD-L1 expression in <1% of TC or IC was detected in 6 pts, in 1-4% of cells in 2 pts, and in ≥5% of cells in 3 pts. PD-L1 expression was similar across all paired tissues. PD-L1 status at the TC or IC 5% cut-off remained unchanged in all evaluable paired specimens and at the TC or IC 1% cut-off remained unchanged in 80% (11/14 synchronous and 9/11 metachronous) pairs. In both synchronous and metachronous samples, CD8 expression was also similar across paired specimens. The median inter-sample difference in CD8+ T-cell infiltration was 0.5% (95% CI: -0.6% - 3.4%) in synchronous pairs; three pts had a difference >5%. In metachronous pairs, the median difference was -0.4% (95% CI: -1.4% - 0.1%); one pt had a >5% change in CD8+ T-cell infiltration.
Conclusion:
In this study, there was a high agreement in PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in both paired synchronous and metachronous NSCLC specimens. The low intra-patient heterogeneity of PD-L1 and CD8 expression in this study suggests any available tissue (e.g. primary or met) may be reliable to assess these markers in NSCLC. Overall immune characterization by gene expression analysis in paired tumor specimens will be presented.
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ORAL13.04 - Discussant for ORAL13.01, ORAL13.02, ORAL13.03 (ID 3403)
17:18 - 17:28 | Author(s): S.N. Gettinger
- Abstract
- Presentation
Abstract not provided
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ORAL13.05 - Predictive Biomarker Testing for Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (ID 1081)
17:28 - 17:39 | Author(s): B.S. Sheffield, G. Geller, E. Pleasance, S. Zachara-Szczakowski, K. Milne, S.E. Kalloger, E. Zhao, S. Bidnur, M. Jones, B.H. Nelson, S. Yip, M.A. Marra, J. Laskin, C. Ho, D. Ionescu
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
Lung cancer is the largest cause of cancer-related mortality in the developed world. Advances in molecular targeted therapies have led to improved survival in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Recently, inhibitors of the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD1) have proven clinical efficacy in NSCLC. Only a subset of patients respond to PD1 inhibitors, likely reflecting variation in tumor-expression of the PD1 ligand (PD-L1). Many clinical trials have evaluated PD-L1 as a possible predictive biomarker for immune therapy; however several parallel and uncoordinated efforts have led to a high amount of heterogeneity, uncertainty, and ambiguity in the literature around PD-L1 and its use as a biomarker. We aim to investigate the feasibility of PD-L1 biomarker testing in NSCLC using immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Methods:
Cases of stage II, surgically resected NSCLC, adenocarcinoma were identified retrospectively from the archives of the British Columbia Cancer Agency. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed with matched primary and metastatic lung tumors. IHC directed towards PD-L1 was performed with 3 different primary antibody clones: E1L3N (Cell Signaling Technology), SP142 (Spring Bioscience), and 28-8 (Dako), each stain was prepared using a unique protocol. Additional cases of NSCLC with available whole-genome sequence were also stained. Staining results were reviewed and scored by intensity of staining and the percentage of positive tumor cells. Cases with positive staining of any intensity in greater than 1% of tumor cells were considered positive (H score > 1). Clinical, pathological, and genomic features of PD-L1 positive cases were reviewed.
Results:
Eighty cases of NSCLC were identified and used in TMA construction. 78 cases had matched lymph node metastases included in the TMA. 29 cases (36%) were positive by the SP142 clone, 19 (24%) by E1L3N, and 27 (34%) by the 28-8 clone. The 3 clones showed concordant results in 61 (76%) of cases, 15 (19%) discordant cases showed low level staining with SP142/28-8 and no staining with E1L3N, 2 (2.5%) cases showed no staining by 28-8 with moderate staining by SP142/E1L3N. Lymph node metastases showed a concordant PD-L1 score in 65 (83%) cases, with no detectable trend in the discordance. Comparison of primary antibodies showed a high rate of concordance (κ=0.68). Exploratory analysis of 6 additional cases with whole-genome and transcriptome data showed no statistical correlation between PD-L1 IHC and tobacco-induced hypermutation signature (p=0.22), or PD-L1 mRNA expression (R[2] = 0.35) by linear regression.
Conclusion:
PD-L1 IHC is reproducible in the setting of an academic reference laboratory. There are small, but potentially clinically relevant, differences between commercially available PD-L1 diagnostic antibodies. Primary tumor PD-L1 status is generally reflective of metastatic tumor PD-L1 status. Molecular correlates of PD-L1 positive cases remain to be elucidated and warrant further investigation.
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ORAL13.06 - Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PDL-1) Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Analysis of a Large Early Stage Cohort; and Concordance of Expression in Paired Primary-Nodal and Primary-Metastasis Tumour Samples (ID 3226)
17:39 - 17:50 | Author(s): P. Mitchell, C. Murone, K. Asadi, C. Harbison, S. Knight, T. John
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
PDL-1 expression in NSCLC is frequently associated with response to PD-1 pathway inhibitor therapy. However, it is unclear whether PDL-1 expression status is maintained in nodes and distant metastases and further information is needed on the relationship between expression and patient and tumour characteristics and prognosis
Methods:
TMAs were constructed using 1mm cores (triplicate) of FFPE primary tumour from patients undergoing surgery with curative intent, from N2 nodal tumour (triplicate) and from metastatic NSCLC tumour (duplicate cores or single small sections). PDL-1 protein expression was measured using a validated, automated immuno-histochemical assay using the 28-8 monoclonal antibody (Dako, Carpinteria, CA), with samples categorised as positive when tumour cell membranes were stained to any intensity in 5% of assessable tumour in any core.
Results:
57 paired primary–metastasis cases were analysed: median age 64 years (33-56); 30 male (53%); adenocarcinoma 27 (47%) and squamous cell 15 (26%). Metastatic sites were: brain 27; trachea/bronchus/lung/pleura 17; chest wall/skin 5; lymph nodes 6. Seven cases were synchronous (6 brain) while the median interval between primary and metastasis for other cases was 1.3 years (range 0.2-8.5). Primary and metastatic tumour samples were PDL1 positive for 13 (23%) and 14 (25%) cases respectively and for 44 cases (77%) expression was concordant. Discordance with negative primary and positive metastasis was seen in 7 cases (12%), while 6 cases (11%) were positive in primary and negative in metastasis. Using assay cut offs of 1% and 50%, concordance was 63% and 89% respectively. Eight cases had more than one metastasis analysed and the primary and all metastases were concordant for 6 cases while 2 cases were positive in primary but negative in one of the metastases. TMAs from 518 primary cases were also analysed and data on 123 cases are currently available. Histology was adenocarcinoma 58 (47%) and squamous 38 (31%). Thirty seven cases (30%) were PDL1+. Of the 13 never or light (≤10 PY) smokers, only 2 (9%) were positive. Further data on all cases and matched primary-nodes will be presented.
Conclusion:
PDL1 expression in ≥5% tumour cell was seen in 30% of cases. Concordance of expression in matched primary and metastasis was seen in 77% of cases. These data suggest that if PDL-1 expression status is critical in the decision to treat metastatic NSCLC with a PD-1 pathway inhibitor, then re-biopsy of a metastasis may be warranted.
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ORAL13.07 - EMT Is Associated with an Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment with Elevation of Immune Checkpoints and Suppressive Cytokines in Lung Cancer (ID 2134)
17:50 - 18:01 | Author(s): Y. Lou, L. Diao, E.R.P. Cuentas, W. Denning, L. Chen, Y. Fan, J. Rodriguez, L. Byers, J. Wang, V. Papadimitrakopoulou, C. Behrens, I.I. Wistuba, P. Hwu, J.V. Heymach, D.L. Gibbons
- Abstract
- Presentation
Background:
Promising results in the treatment of NSCLC have been seen with immunomodulatory agents targeting immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1). However, only a select group of patients respond to these interventions. The identification of biomarkers that predict clinical benefit to immune checkpoint blockade is critical to successful clinical translation of these agents. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process driving metastasis and drug resistance. Previously we have developed a robust EMT gene signature, highlighting differential patterns of drug responsiveness for epithelial and mesenchymal tumor cells.
Methods:
We conducted an integrated analysis of gene expression profiling from three independent large datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) of lung and two large datasets from MD Anderson Cancer Center, Profiling of Resistance patterns and Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in Evaluation of Cancers of the Thorax (named PROSPECT) and the Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (named BATTLE-1). Comprehensive analysis of mRNA gene expression, reverse phase protein array (RPPA), immunohistochemistry, in vivo mouse models and correlation with clinical data were performed.
Results:
EMT is highly associated with an inflammatory tumor microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma, independent of tumor mutational burden. We found immune activation co-existent with elevation of immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, TIM-3, BTLA and CTLA-4, along with increases in tumor infiltration by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in lung adenocarcinomas that displayed an EMT phenotype. Similarly, IL-6 and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) were elevated in these tumors. We demonstrate that in murine models of lung adenocarcinoma, many of these changes are recapitulated by modulation of the miR-200/ZEB1 axis, a known regulator of EMT. Furthermore, B7-H3 is found to negatively correlate with overall survival and recurrence free survival, indicating a potential new therapeutic target in lung adenocarcinoma in the future.
Conclusion:
EMT, commonly related to cancer metastasis and drug resistance, is highly associated with an inflammatory tumor microenvironment with elevation of multiple targetable immune checkpoints and that is regulated at least in part by the miR-200/ZEB1 axis. These findings suggest that EMT may have potential utility as a biomarker selecting patients more likely to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade agents and other immunotherapies in NSCLC and possibly a broad range of other cancers.
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ORAL13.08 - Discussant for ORAL13.05, ORAL13.06, ORAL13.07 (ID 3404)
18:01 - 18:11 | Author(s): D. Rimm
- Abstract
- Presentation
Abstract not provided
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Author of
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P3.01 - Poster Session/ Treatment of Advanced Diseases – NSCLC (ID 208)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Poster
- Track: Treatment of Advanced Diseases - NSCLC
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/09/2015, 09:30 - 17:00, Exhibit Hall (Hall B+C)
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P3.01-011 - Antitumor Activity of Tepotinib plus Gefitinib in Asian Patients with Met+ EGFRm+ NSCLC (ID 763)
09:30 - 09:30 | Author(s): D. Kim
- Abstract
Background:
c-Met abnormalities are key in resistance to EGFR TKIs in EGFRm+ NSCLC patients (pts). The highly selective c-Met inhibitor tepotinib (MSC2156119J) had promising activity in a phase I trial in pts with advanced solid tumors. We report phase Ib data from a trial evaluating tepotinib + gefitinib in pts with Met+ NSCLC (NCT01982955).
Methods:
Asian adults with locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC, Met+ status (2+/3+ c-Met protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry using CONFIRM anti-total c-MET [SP44] rabbit MAb [Ventana] or c-Met gene amplification on IQ FISH [Dako] [c-Met:CEP7 ratio ≥2 or <2.0 with >15 c-Met signals/cell in >10% of cells or clusters in >10% of tumor cell nuclei]) and ECOG PS 0/1 were eligible. EGFR mutation status was assessed using the therascreen[®] EGFR RGQ PCR Kit (QIAGEN). A 3+3 design was used for the phase Ib part; planned recruitment was 15-18 pts, who received tepotinib 300 or 500 mg p.o. + gefitinib 250 mg/d q3w. Primary objective: determine the RP2D of tepotinib for use in combination; secondary objectives: pharmacokinetics, safety, antitumor activity.
Results:
14 pts have been enrolled (median age 65 years; male 43%; ECOG PS 0/1 2/12; median prior therapy regimens including an EGFR TKI 3.5). 3 pts received tepotinib 300 mg + gefitinib and 11 tepotinib 500 mg + gefitinib. No DLTs were observed; 4 pts had grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events (amylase increase [n=3], lipase increase [2], decreased neutrophil count [1]). Best overall response by c-Met status (cut-off Jan 20, 2015) for the 12 evaluable pts is shown in the table. EGFR mutation status for these 12 pts was T790M and L858R mutation (n=2), L858R mutation alone (4), exon 19 deletion (4), no mutation detected using the therascreen[®] kit (2).Best overall response (n) n=12 Partial response Stable disease Progression IHC 2+ 0 5 2 3+ 4 0 1 FISH c-Met:CEP7 ratio >2 1 0 0 ≥5 copies in >50% of cells 3 1 1 Negative 0 3 2 Not valid 0 1 0
Conclusion:
The RP2D of tepotinib in combination with gefitinib has been confirmed as 500 mg/d in pts with advanced NSCLC. The data show evidence of antitumor activity and that response may be associated with c-Met status. The phase II trial will randomize ≈136 pts with T790M-/c-Met+ tumors who have failed first-line gefitinib to tepotinib 500 mg/d + gefitinib or cisplatin/pemetrexed.
