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W.W. Lockwood



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    MA02 - RNA in Lung Cancer (ID 377)

    • Event: WCLC 2016
    • Type: Mini Oral Session
    • Track: Biology/Pathology
    • Presentations: 1
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      MA02.03 - Expression of Oncofetal miRNAs Inactivates NFIB, a Developmental Transcription Factor Linked to Tumour Aggressiveness in Lung Adenocarcinoma (ID 5224)

      14:32 - 14:38  |  Author(s): W.W. Lockwood

      • Abstract
      • Presentation
      • Slides

      Background:
      Fetal and tumour development share striking similarities, such as intense cell proliferation, angiogenesis, increased cell motility, and immune evasion. Molecular regulators, including microRNAs (miRNAs), play important roles in both fetal lung development and in the malignant transformation of adult lung cells. Consequently, investigation of lung tumour biology in the context of lung development may reveal key regulatory mechanisms that tumours hijack from normal development, which potentially play critical roles in the pathology of lung cancer.

      Methods:
      131 pairs of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumour and non-malignant lung tissues and 15 human fetal lung tissue samples were profiled by miRNA-sequencing. Genes controlled by the oncofetal miRNAs identified were first investigated by miRNA-Data-Integration-Portal (mirDIP) prediction, followed by luciferase-reporter assays. Associations between patient survival and mRNA expression of oncofetal miRNA-gene targets were evaluated in independent samples (>1,400 cases) across multiple NSCLC cohorts. Immunohistochemical analysis of oncofetal miRNA targets was performed on 96 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) specimens.

      Results:
      We describe for the first time a comprehensive characterization of miRNA expression in human fetal lung tissue, and identified numerous miRNAs that recapitulate their fetal expression patterns in NSCLC. Nuclear Factor I/B (NFIB), a transcription factor essential for lung development, was identified as being frequently targeted by these oncofetal miRNAs. Overexpression of the oncofetal miRNA miR-92b-3p, significantly reduced NFIB levels in vitro. Concordantly, analysis of NFIB expression in multiple NSCLC cohorts revealed its frequent underexpression in tumours (~40-70%). This is in contrast with its recurrent oncogenic overexpression recently reported in SCLC. Low expression of NFIB was significantly associated with poorer survival in LUAD patients but not in squamous cell carcinoma patients, consistent with the functional role of NFIB in distal lung cell differentiation (i.e., precursor cells of LUAD). Furthermore, an NFIB-related gene signature was identified in LUAD tumours, comprising several well-known lung differentiation markers (e.g., TTF-1, SFTPB, ABCA3). The underexpression of NFIB protein was ultimately validated in LUAD specimens, which also revealed that tumours presenting lower levels of this transcription factor are associated with higher grade, biologically more aggressive LUAD (invasive mucinous, micropapillary and solid subtypes).

      Conclusion:
      This work has revealed a prominent mechanism for the downregulation of NFIB, a transcription factor essential for lung differentiation, which we found to be associated with aggressive phenotypes of LUAD and consequently, poor patient survival. Restoration of NFIB expression, specifically in LUAD, has the potential to induce lung cell differentiation and thereby reduce tumour aggressiveness.

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    P3.01 - Poster Session with Presenters Present (ID 469)

    • Event: WCLC 2016
    • Type: Poster Presenters Present
    • Track: Biology/Pathology
    • Presentations: 1
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      P3.01-049 - ELF3 Overexpression Leads to Oncogenic Reprogramming of Protein Interactions Exposing Therapeutically Actionable Targets (ID 5807)

      14:30 - 14:30  |  Author(s): W.W. Lockwood

      • Abstract

      Background:
      Emerging evidence has implicated ELF3 involvement in cancer signaling pathways. To determine the biological basis to pursue ELF3 as a novel therapeutic target, we investigated the role of ELF3 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Using a multi-omics approach in two independent cohorts of LUAD we (a) discover genetic mechanisms driving aberrant expression of this oncogene, (b) identify the protein-protein-interaction (PPI) partners of ELF3, and (c) determine the specific functions of ELF3 in LUAD using model systems.

      Methods:
      Comprehensive, multi-omic data was collected from the BC Cancer Research Centre (BCCRC), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and several mouse models of LUAD tumourigenesis. ELF3 cellular localization was visualized by immunofluorescence. ELF3 knock-down and overexpression was achieved by lentiviral vector delivery for in vitro and in vivo assays. Physical protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks obtained from IID were overlaid onto cancer and non-malignant gene expression data from TCGA and 11 restructured datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus. PPIs were interrogated to investigate malignancy-associated ELF3 interactions. Pathway analysis was performed using pathDIP. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank method.

      Results:
      ELF3 was significantly overexpressed in both cohorts, remarkably in >70% of cases (p=1.64E-21). However, mutation of known upstream regulators was not sufficient to explain the frequency of ELF3 overexpression. Instead, the ELF3 locus underwent frequent (>80%) genetic alteration including focal amplification and promoter hypomethylation, which corresponded with increased expression. ELF3 was predominantly localized to the nucleus, consistent with its transcription factor function. Analysis of PPI networks indicated highly LUAD-specific ELF3 interactions whereby loss and gain of interactions lead to reprogramming of LUAD transcriptional networks, including loss of TNFα pathway, and gain of TGFβ pathway, PI3K pathway, and translesion (DNA repair) pathway interactions. Furthermore, EGFR, KRAS, and MYC transgenic models of LUAD tumourigenesis all displayed a marked increase (6 to 8-fold) in ELF3 expression signifying its importance to LUAD of varied genetic backgrounds. In culture, ELF3 regulated proliferation, viability and anchorage-independent growth. In animal models, ELF3 knock-down cells underwent negative clonal selection, suggesting ELF3 expression is beneficial to tumour growth. Clinically, high expression of ELF3 was associated with poor survival regardless of tumour stage.

      Conclusion:
      Overexpression of ELF3 reprograms protein-protein-interactions in LUAD leading to the activation of cancer-specific pathways, and producing oncogenic phenotypes. Depletion of ELF3 with shRNAs reverses tumour cell growth, suggesting ELF3 is a promising therapeutic target. In addition to ELF3, interruption of cancer-specific PPIs also represents a therapeutically actionable strategy.