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E.M. Speel
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ORAL 37 - Novel Targets (ID 146)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Oral Session
- Track: Biology, Pathology, and Molecular Testing
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:S.S. Ramalingam, E. Thunnissen
- Coordinates: 9/09/2015, 16:45 - 18:15, Mile High Ballroom 4a-4f
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ORAL37.05 - Prevalence and Clinical Association of MET Gene Amplification in Patients with NSCLC: Results from the ETOP Lungscape Project (ID 444)
17:28 - 17:39 | Author(s): E.M. Speel
- Abstract
Background:
The reported prevalence of MET gene amplification in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) varies from 0-21% and clinical correlations are emerging slowly. In a well-defined NSCLC cohort of the ETOP Lungscape program, we explore the epidemiology, the natural history of MET amplification and its association with MET overexpression, overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS) and time to relapse (TTR).
Methods:
Resected stage I-III NSCLC, identified based on the quality of clinical data and FFPE tissue availability, were assessed for MET gene copy number (GCN) and expression analysis using silver in-situ hybridization (SISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively, on TMAs (MET and centromere-specific probes; anti total c-MET antibody, clone SP44; Ventana immunostainer). MET amplification was defined as MET/centromere ratio ≥2 with average MET GCN ≥4, high MET GCN at two levels as ≥median CGN and ≥5 (irrespective of amplification) and MET IHC+ as 2+ or 3+ intensity in ≥50% of tumor cells. Sensitivity analysis to define the amplification’s thresholds was also performed. All cases were analysed at participating pathology laboratories using the same protocol, after successful completion of an external quality assurance (EQA) program.
Results:
Currently 2709 patients are included in the Lungscape iBiobank (median follow-up 4.8 years, 53.3% still alive). So far, 1547 (57%) have available results for MET GCN with amplification detected in 72 (4.7%; 95%CI: 3.6%, 5.7%) and high MET GCN (≥5) in 65 (4.2%; 95%CI: 3.2%, 5.2%). The median value of average MET GCN per cell is 2.3. IHC MET expression is available for 1515 (98%) of these cases, 350 (23%) of which are MET IHC positive [170 cases (49%) 3+, 180 (51%) 2+]. The median age, for the cohort of 1547 patients, is 66.2 years, with 32.8% women, and 13.5%, 29.7%, 54% never, current, former smokers, respectively. Stage distribution is: IA 23.6%, IB 24.6%, IIA 17%, IIB 12.1%, IIIA 20.9%, IIIB 1.8%, while 52.7%, are of adenocarcinoma and 40.0% of squamous histology. MET amplification and high MET GCN (≥5) are not significantly associated with any histological tumor characteristics or stage (multiplicity adjusted alpha: 0.005). High MET GCN (≥2.3) is less frequent in current smokers (38.3% vs. 55.6% for former or non-smokers, p<0.001). MET amplification and high MET GCN are significantly associated with IHC MET positivity (p<0.001 in all cases). MET amplification is present in 9.7% of IHC MET+ vs 3.1% of IHC MET- patients and high MET GCN (≥5) in 8.6% of IHC MET+ vs 2.8% of IHC MET- patients. MET amplification ranges from 0 to 16% between centers, while high MET GCN (≥5) and (≥2.3) from 0% to 12%, and 11.8% to 98.9%, respectively. MET amplification and both levels of high MET GCN are not associated with OS, RFS or TTR.
Conclusion:
The preliminary results for this large, predominantly European, multicenter cohort demonstrate that MET amplification assessed by SISH prevails in 4.7% of NSCLC, is associated with strong MET expression, and has no influence on prognosis. The large inter-laboratory variability in GCN despite EQA efforts may highlight a critical challenge of MET SISH analysis in routine practice.
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P1.08 - Poster Session/ Thymoma, Mesothelioma and Other Thoracic Malignancies (ID 224)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Poster
- Track: Thymoma, Mesothelioma and Other Thoracic Malignancies
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/07/2015, 09:30 - 17:00, Exhibit Hall (Hall B+C)
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P1.08-024 - Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: How Accurate Are the WHO 2004 Classification Criteria Applied? (ID 2127)
09:30 - 09:30 | Author(s): E.M. Speel
- Abstract
Background:
According to the WHO 2004 (and 2015) classification, the diagnosis large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is established on presence of neuroendocrine morphology (i.e. organoid nesting/trabecular pattern, palisading cells and/or rosette formation) and neuroendocrine staining by immunohistochemical (IHC) markers. Furthermore, large cells should be present. However, diagnosis of LCNEC is restrained by the need of a resection or large biopsy specimen. Nonetheless, lung cancer is often diagnosed on small biopsies and therefore application of these WHO criteria in daily practice can be difficult. In this nationwide study we investigate on what tissue the diagnosis of LCNEC was established and to what extend the WHO 2004 criteria are reported in pathology reports established in the daily pathology practice in the Netherlands.
Methods:
Written conclusions (diagnoses) of pathology reports (2003-2012) were retrieved from the Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). Conclusions describing LCNEC were selected by queries on anatomic location, diagnosis and keywords (e.g. large cell + endocrine) and screened in accordance with a pathologist (JLD & RJS). Histologically diagnosed LCNEC cases were then selected and pathology centers were requested to send the report. After screening (JLD), consultation reports were excluded and the following data were extracted and compared: 1) mitotic index, 2) necrosis, 3) growth pattern (reported ≥1 feature(s) according to WHO or mentioning neuroendocrine morphology) and 4) neuroendocrine IHC marker staining. Additionally, the sampling method was recorded and retrieved diagnoses were clustered.
Results:
N=892 (72%) of 1235 requested reports were received (43 centers, mean 20 (range 1-67) reports). In N=869 pathology reports the conclusion was LCNEC including 759 original and 110 consultation reports. Most diagnoses were established on resection specimens (N=404, 53%) followed by needle (N=195, 26%) and small biopsies (N=160, 20%). Retrieved diagnoses could be clustered into LCNEC (N=658, 87%), combined LCNEC (N=41, 5%) and carcinoma favor LCNEC (N=60, 8%) respectively. Presence of mitoses was reported in N=541 (71%) yet only N=121 (16%) mentioned the mitotic index (≥10 mitoses 2mm[2] N=107). Necrosis was described in N=466 (61%) reports, most had central/abundant necrosis N=317 (68%) but in N=84 (11%) necrosis was undefined. Neuroendocrine morphology or a feature of neuroendocrine morphology was described in N=452 (60%) reports and in all except N=13 reports a neuroendocrine IHC marker was positive. When combining the WHO criteria, only N=66 (9%) of reports described all criteria, this increased to N=253 (33%) when mitosis without description of an index was included and N=403 (53%) if the report described either mitosis or necrosis. Lowest reported rates were observed in reports of needle biopsy (8-27%) and biopsy (4-15%) specimens.
Conclusion:
In 91% of retrieved pathology reports the WHO criteria for the diagnosis LCNEC could not be retrieved. Although 53% of reports included descriptions of neuroendocrine growth pattern and mitosis or necrosis, these regularly were incomplete or not quantifiable. Most commonly this was observed in reports from (needle) biopsy specimens. Whether the WHO criteria could not be established or if it is due to preference of the pathologist remains unclear and requires further investigation. Nevertheless, implementation of structured pathology reporting protocols for LCNEC should be considered.
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P2.08 - Poster Session/ Thymoma, Mesothelioma and Other Thoracic Malignancies (ID 225)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Poster
- Track: Thymoma, Mesothelioma and Other Thoracic Malignancies
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/08/2015, 09:30 - 17:00, Exhibit Hall (Hall B+C)
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P2.08-023 - Aberrant Neuroendocrine Lung Tumor Nomenclature in Daily Practice, How Common Is It? (ID 2120)
09:30 - 09:30 | Author(s): E.M. Speel
- Abstract
Background:
The WHO 2015 classification for pulmonary carcinoids (PC) and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) has in essence, not been changed compared to the previous one, despite known limitations in the diagnostic process such as 1) the need for resection material or large biopsies 2) reported inter-observer variability and 3) sporadic exposure in daily practice. Furthermore, nomenclature used in previous or different classification systems for neuroendocrine tumors may result in an aberrantly applied description of the WHO 2004 diagnoses. Here we evaluate if nomenclature established in daily pathology practice in the Netherlands is according to that advised by the WHO 2004 for PC, NEC and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with neuroendocrine differentiation established by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Methods:
Written conclusions (diagnoses) of pathology reports (2003-2012) were retrieved from the Dutch Pathology Registry. Conclusions describing PC, NEC and carcinomas with neuroendocrine features/differentiation were selected by multiple queries on anatomic location, diagnosis and keywords (e.g. carcinoma + endocrine). All conclusions were screened in concordance with an experienced pathologist (JLD & RJS) and data on sampling method, diagnoses and origin of primary tumor were collected. Conclusions were excluded if established on autopsy cases or if it reported differential diagnoses, diagnoses of non-pulmonary/unknown primary, non-neuroendocrine or small cell lung cancer. We compared the retrieved diagnoses with the advised WHO 2004 nomenclature after which all diagnoses were clustered (e.g. typical/well differentiated/grade I carcinoid into “PC”). For statistical analysis the X[2] test was used.
Results:
4612 conclusions were eligible for analysis of which N=698 (15%) described a diagnoses that did not match the WHO nomenclature. Foremost non-WHO diagnoses were: (poorly differentiated) neuroendocrine carcinoma; high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma/tumor; NSCLC neuroendocrine carcinoma; neuroendocrine tumor and low grade (well differentiated) neuroendocrine carcinoma/tumor (carcinoids). After discussion, we clustered N=2005 (43%) diagnoses into PC, N=1788 (39%) in high-grade NEC, N=763 (17%) in carcinoma with neuroendocrine features/differentiation and N=56 (1%) in neuroendocrine tumor n.o.s., respectively. Deviations from the WHO nomenclature occurred in 8% (N=157) of PC and 21% (N=377) of high-grade NEC and this occurred mainly on biopsy/cytology specimens (75% (N=399)). In (NSCLC) carcinomas with neuroendocrine features/differentiation diagnoses deviated from the WHO in 14% (N=108). Additionally, both the terms neuroendocrine “features” and “differentiation” were used to address positive neuroendocrine IHC staining (16% vs 25%) though differentiation was used slightly more often (p=0.001). Finally, 52% (N=1045) of PC diagnoses were established on biopsy/cytology specimens and a strong increase in diagnoses of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) on biopsy/cytology specimens was observed (<2008 N=174 vs. ≥2008 N=464, p<0.001).
Conclusion:
In daily practice 8% of PC, 21% of high-grade NEC and 14% of (NSCLC) carcinomas with neuroendocrine features/differentiation diagnoses deviated from the WHO 2004 nomenclature. This occurred mainly on biopsy/cytology specimens. Also, the diagnosis (NSCLC) carcinoma with neuroendocrine ‘differentiation/features’ was unclear and should be specified (i.e. IHC or morphologically based (or both)). Finally, often the diagnosis LCNEC was established on biopsy/cytology specimens whereas this is not advised by the WHO. Whether these findings are due to personal preferences or difficulties applying current classification to limited samples, require further investigation.
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P3.01 - Poster Session/ Treatment of Advanced Diseases – NSCLC (ID 208)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Poster
- Track: Treatment of Advanced Diseases - NSCLC
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/09/2015, 09:30 - 17:00, Exhibit Hall (Hall B+C)
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P3.01-022 - A Prospective Multicenter Study for ALK IHC+ Metastasized NSCLC (ID 2566)
09:30 - 09:30 | Author(s): E.M. Speel
- Abstract
Background:
Pulmonary adenocarcinomas may harbor driver mutations, that sensitize tumors to drugs that specifically target the genetic alteration. Metastasized NSCLC with an EML4-ALK translocation are sensitive to a range of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, of which crizotinib is most extensively studied. ALK-positive NSCLC was determined in a phase III trial with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (ALK FISH+). ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) seems to run parallel with ALK FISH positivity. However discrepant cases occur, which include ALK IHC+ FISH-. The aim of this study is to collect cases with ALK IHC+ and compare within this group response to crizotinib treatment of ALK FISH+ cases with ALK FISH- cases.
Methods:
A prospective multicenter investigator initiated research study was started in Europe. This study is supported by Pfizer. Cases diagnosed with ALK IHC+ lung cancer (5A4 or D5F3) treated with crizotinib are collected centrally. Slides are submitted centrally for validation of ALK IHC (with ETOP and Ventana protocol), ALK FISH (with Vysis probes) and DNA analysis.
Results:
The study started on April 1 2014 and is still open. Currently 10 centers are actively participating. 1443 cases have been examined with ALK IHC of which 39 (2.7%) recorded positive. 24 cases have been submitted to the database. The validation process is still ongoing. The fraction of ALK IHC+ FISH- cases is low. Two cases with ALK IHC+ FISH- metastastatic NSCLC responded to crizotinib treatment. In two cases ALK positivity could not be confirmed (ALK IHC- and ALK FISH-). These patients had progressive disease following crizotinib treatment.
Conclusion:
A clinically relevant question what the effect of ALK inhibitor treatment is on metastatic NSCLC ALK IHC+ FISH- compared to ALK IHC+ FISH+ is examined. Other centers with interested collaborating physicians are invited to participate.
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P3.04 - Poster Session/ Biology, Pathology, and Molecular Testing (ID 235)
- Event: WCLC 2015
- Type: Poster
- Track: Biology, Pathology, and Molecular Testing
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/09/2015, 09:30 - 17:00, Exhibit Hall (Hall B+C)
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P3.04-009 - Evaluation of RT-PCR Methodology for ALK Assessment in Patients with NSCLC in Europe: Results from the ETOP Lungscape Project (ID 1506)
09:30 - 09:30 | Author(s): E.M. Speel
- Abstract
Background:
ALK rearrangement is documented in 2%-7% of NSCLC, depending on the population studied and detection method used. Although the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was the first used and published method, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become the primary standard diagnostic method. Recently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has also proven to be a reproducible, faster and sensitive technique. This is one of the first studies concurrently comparing all three techniques in resected lung adenocarcinomas from the large ETOP Lungscape cohort.
Methods:
95 cases from the ETOP Lungscape iBiobank, selected based on any degree of IHC staining (clone 5A4 antibody, Novocastra, UK), were examined by ALK FISH (Abbott Molecular, Inc.; Blackhall, JCO 2014) and central RT-PCR. For the latter, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) unstained slides were collected from participating centers. Slides were de-paraffinized, Toluidine Blue stained, and tumors macro-dissected. Tissue digestion and RNA extraction were performed (Qiagen RNeasy FFPE Kit). Using primers described in the literature covering most of ALK known translocations, RT-PCR (Superscript One-Step RT-PCR with Platinum Taq – 40 loops) was performed, followed by capillary electrophoresis in two separate mixes. Co-amplification of B-actin was done to validate the procedure and RNA quality. All tests were duplicated.
Results:
76 of 95 RT-PCR had adequate RNA quality (B-actin co-amplification present). Among these, 18 were FISH positive, 16 were RT-PCR positive, including EML4-ALK V3a/b in 7, V1 in 5, V2 in one, and undetermined variants in 3 cases. 53 of 54 FISH negative cases were also RT-PCR negative (98%). 15 of 18 FISH positives harbored a translocation by RT-PCR (83%). Among the 4 discrepant cases, 2 FISH+/RT-PCR- cases had IHC H-scores of 180 and 260, and 98.3% and 95% of rearranged cells by FISH, probably corresponding to variants not covered by the RT-PCR. One had an IHC H-score of 5, and 16% cells rearranged on FISH, most probably corresponding to a FISH false positive case. The last had an IHC H-score of 200, 13% rearranged cells by FISH, and, thus is defined as a false negative FISH result. Provided IHC is defined as positive by an H-score above 120, all but one case (H-Score 20, FISH and RT-PCR positive) gave concordant results by a combination of FISH and RT-PCR. Overall, using as true negative or true positive the concordant result of two of the methods, the third method is characterized by high specificity and sensitivity with corresponding values of 100/98/100% and 94/94/89% for IHC/FISH/RT-PCR, respectively.
Conclusion:
RT-PCR is a very good tool for sorting discordant IHC/FISH cases, however, we do not recommend using this technique as single method due to the lower sensitivity of RT-PCR, as not all variants are covered, and also due to the limitations with RNA preservation.
